ABSTRACT
Andhra Pradesh is one of the major tomato producing states in the country. The presents tudy was conducted to identify the adoption pattern of 448 variety of tomato in Ananthapuramu district of Andhra Pradesh which was released by IIHR, Bangalore. The study also includes identification of the major factors for adoption and find out the major attributes of innovation that led to the adoption of 448 variety. An ex-post facto research design was adopted for the study. The study included 40 respondents chosen by purposive sampling method. Data was collected with the help of well-structured interview schedule through telephonic interview due to COVID-19 pandemic. The statistical tools used for analysis are mean, standard deviation, cumulative frequency and percentage analysis. Profile characters of the respondents viz., age, educational status, occupation, farm size, farming experience, annual income, frequency of exposure to agricultural messages, scientific orientation and cropping pattern were studied. Based on the mean and SD values the respondents were classified into adopter categories. The results of the adopter categorization showed that two-fifths (40.00%) of respondents belonged to early majority and only 5.00 percent were innovators. Among the factors affecting adoption of 448 variety of tomato, majority (80.00%) adopted due to their own interest and with the influence of friends and neighbours. Compatibility (95.00%) and observability (82.50%) of the variety played an important role among the attributes of innovation for the adoption of 448 variety of tomato among the respondents.
ABSTRACT
This report first describes the context of the agriculture sector in Libya and in the south of the country, the impact of the ongoing conflict in the country since 2011 and of the COVID-19 pandemic, and the specific configuration of the sectors in the south of the country. Secondly, it describes the main challenges in the value chains and added value of selected major crops cultivated in the south of Libya, providing an analysis and assessment of the cooperatives and associations in the region with significant involvement and participation of women. The value chains and added value have been evaluated and characterized for four crops (tomatoes, watermelons, mangos and dates). The study found the value chains of the assessed crops to be highly deficient, with almost no proper postharvest handling practices, and there is an almost total lack of added value. Surveys, interviews and studies in the region have identified three types of involvement of women in food and/or agriculture: (1) very few women are members of classical agricultural cooperatives;(2) some women are members of civil society organizations (CSOs) involved in agricultural and/or food activities;and (3) many individual women not associated with groups, associations and cooperatives perform some agricultural and/or food activities.
ABSTRACT
Net micro-Lab: micro-laboratories network for phytosanitary management of the horticultural crops. The Net micro-Lab project aims at setting up a network of remotely managed micro- laboratories in order to minimise the impact of vegetable plant diseases and to reduce the environmental impact through early diagnosis according to the following main objectives: constitution of a production chain, with particular regard to tomato cultivation, composed of Nurseries, Farms and Producer Organisations (POs);ex-ante analysis on tomato seeds coming from foreign countries;creation of micro-laboratories interconnected to an accredited central laboratory;design of specific, sensitive and rapid diagnostic tools based on isothermal amplification (LAMP) or real-time PCR technique;and finally, development of a mobile app for continuous data management by the accredited laboratory.
ABSTRACT
Edible vaccines are created from transgenic plants and animals and contain immunostimulant. Edible vaccines, to put it simply, are medications generated from plants or animals. In underdeveloped countries, oral vaccines are less expensive and more widely available. Researchers came up with the idea of edible vaccines, in which edible plant pieces are employed as a vaccine factory. To make edible vaccinations, scientists put desired genes into plants and then force the plants to generate the proteins expressed in the genes. Transgenic plants are the result of transformation, whereas transformation is the act of converting plants. The edible vaccination promotes mucosal immunity. Dendritic cells in the gut can assist native T cells activate and differentiate into follicular T-helpers (Tfh). T and B cells will respond precisely to a reliable, digestible immunization. Potato, tomato, banana, carrots, tobacco, papaya, algae, and a variety of other plants are utilised as alternative agents for standard vaccinations. Malaria, cholera, hepatitis, rabies, measles, rotavirus, diarrhoea cancer treatments and treatment of covid-19 are among the illnesses for which plant-based vaccines have been created. It takes time and dedication to develop and sell edible vaccinations. Many edible vaccines for animal and human ailments have been developed and have gone through various levels of clinical testing. The importance of plant-based vaccinations is emphasized in this article.
ABSTRACT
Originally, the 17th Symposium on Insect-Plant Relationships (SIP-17) was scheduled to take place in Leiden, The Netherlands, in July 2020. However, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the symposium was postponed to July 2021 and held in an exclusively online format. This exceptional edition has resulted in four strong contributions to the journal. It is with great pleasure that we now present a themed issue including the proceedings of SIP-17, supplemented with eight regular articles within the subject of insect-plant relationships.
ABSTRACT
Onions, potatoes, and tomatoes constitute an important component of the Indian diet. The COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 forced the government to impose a lockdown from 25 March to 31 May. This paper uses granular data to assess the impact of the lockdown on the daily arrivals and wholesale prices of these commodities at three metropolitan markets. The impact was significant and negative on the quantity traded, and positive on prices, but the heterogeneity across commodities and markets was considerable.
ABSTRACT
Poor market integration affects market liberalization and handling of shocks such as covid-19. This study, therefore, investigates the market integration of tomato and its determinants in Nigeria. Johansen co-integration techniques, autoregressive distributed lag, the error correction model, bootstrapping regression and granger causality test were used to achieve the objectives of the study. The results revealed that most tomato markets in Nigeria were not integrated. This shows that tomato prices in most markets in different regions of Nigeria were not well integrated which could affect the transmission of price. From the Granger causality test results, ten tomato producing states Granger caused the demanding states, while only two demanding states granger caused the producing states. The adjustment term (-0.849924) shows that the reversion to long-run equilibrium is at an adjustment speed of 84.9924%. Distance, population and self-sufficiency had a negative influence on tomato market integration while the telephone had a positive influence on tomato market integration. Thus, the distance between two markets, population and self-sufficiency inhibits the flow and transmission of price information among tomato markets across the country which, in turn, lower market integration. The presence of telephone in Nigerian markets enhanced the flow of price information from one market to others and consequently increase market integration. These findings call for upgrading and investing in infrastructure, such as roads, and regulating information and telephone services by the government.
ABSTRACT
World trade in agricultural products, tends to increase. Turkey is among the countries in foreign trade advantages with its agricultural potential. As one of the most important tomato producer countries, monitoring of developments in the world tomatoes trade is extremely important for Turkey. The aim of this study was to evaluate Turkey's position in world tomato trade. The developments of tomato foreign trade between Turkey and importer countries were analysed using Trade Intensity Analysis Method. Turkey supplied %75 of total tomato exports to Russia. Ukraine, Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Syria and Israel are important markets for tomato export. The epidemic (Covid-19 virus) has also been reflected in the international trade balances in tomato production. Giving importance to Turkey's political relations and to boost its exports by providing market diversity, it is important for the sustainability of tomato exports. In this context, market researches should be conducted specially to find and entrance into new markets. Besides the fresh tomato, the activities for the export of tomato paste and canned tomato should be implemented.
ABSTRACT
The researchers combine in-person survey data collected in February 2020 (i.e., just before the pandemic was declared) with phone survey data collected in March 2021 (i.e., one year into the pandemic) and August 2021 (i.e., approximately 18 months into the pandemic) to study how vegetable value chains in Ethiopia have coped with the COVID-19 pandemic. Focusing on the major vegetable value chain connecting farmers in East Shewa zone to consumers in Addis Ababa, the researchers applied a cascading survey approach in which the researchers collected data at all levels of the value chain: vegetable farmers, urban wholesalers, and retailers. In March 2021 and August 2021, the COVID-19 pandemic is having only a limited impact on this major vegetable value chain. Farmers' access to credit, labor or extension services have not markedly changed since the pre-pandemic period in February 2020. The main concern among farmers relates to the soaring prices of key inputs with prices of key fertilizers having increased by more than 40 percent between February 2020 and March 2021. Among the many pandemic related policy adjustments was the relocation of the wholesale vegetable market from a crowded area in the city center to the outskirts of Addis Ababa. Most wholesale traders viewed that while the pandemic itself has had a limited impact on their business activity, the re-location of the wholesale market had a considerably larger negative impact. Most wholesaler traders reported that they are trading less vegetables and have fewer clients to sell in March 2021 compared to the situation in February 2020. Almost all of these wholesaler traders identified the re-location of the vegetable wholesale market to the outskirts of Addis Ababa as the primary reason for the declined sales and clientele, and thus, as a major concern for their trading activities. The urban retailers seem to have been relatively more affected by the pandemic than farmers and wholesalers, although many reported to have also been negatively affected by the relocation of the wholesale market. Out of the 210 retailers interviewed in February 2020, 32 had quit their business by August 2021. Out of these 32 traders that quit, only 4 responded that the pandemic was the main factor for quitting, 9 responded at it was a factor while the remaining 19 responded that the pandemic played no role in their decision to quit. In March 2021, nearly two-thirds of the retailers reported that there is less choice with respect to transporters from wholesale markets compared to the situation in February 2020. Nearly 80 percent of retailers who reported a decrease in choice of transporters, said that the change was due to the re-location of the wholesale market, while 19 percent said it was due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The researchers document considerable volatility in prices and marketing margins using four rounds of vegetable price data collected at all levels of the value chain. For instance, onion prices soared during the first months of the pandemic when imports from Sudan came to halt. Encouraged by these price increases, many farmers began allocating more land to onions. This, together with important markets being closed because of instability and conflict in some parts of the country, led to a considerable oversupply of onions in Addis Ababa which in turn resulted a sizable drop in farm gate and final consumer prices between May 2020 and February 2021. Combined with soaring input costs, these plummeting onion prices must have led to considerable losses among farmers. This price volatility was identified by many farmers, wholesalers, and retailers as the most pressing concern to their farming or trading activities. Finally, the researchers attempted to estimate post-harvest losses along the vegetable value chain. Using the data from the March-2021 survey round, the largest losses are estimated for tomato (11.5 percent), head cabbage (11.8 percent) and Ethiopia kale (10.5 percent) and lowest for green pepper (7.2 percent) and onion (2.6 percent). Interestingly, the main origin of
ABSTRACT
CRISPR/Cas12a-based detection is a novel approach for the efficient, sequence-specific identification of viruses. Here we adopt the use of CRISPR/Cas12a to identify the tomato brown rugose fruit virus (ToBRFV), a new and emerging tobamovirus which is causing substantial damage to the global tomato industry. Specific CRISPR RNAs (crRNAs) were designed to detect either ToBRFV or the closely related tomato mosaic virus (ToMV). This technology enabled the differential detection of ToBRFV and ToMV. Sensitivity assays revealed that viruses can be detected from 15-30 ng of RT-PCR product, and that specific detection could be achieved from a mix of ToMV and ToBRFV. In addition, we show that this method can enable the identification of ToBRFV in samples collected from commercial greenhouses. These results demonstrate a new method for species-specific detection of tobamoviruses. A future combination of this approach with isothermal amplification could provide a platform for efficient and user-friendly ways to distinguish between closely related strains and resistance-breaking pathogens.